Table 1: List of plants screened in the study.
Plant
|
Voucher specimen no.
|
Family
| Part tested |
Traditional usesa
|
Acacia pennivenia* Schweinf.
Acanthospermum hispidum DC.
Acridocarpus socotranus* Oliv.
Aloe perryi* Baker
Ballochia atro-virgata* Balf.f.
Blepharis spiculifolia* Balf.f.
Boswellia dioscorides* Thulin & Gifri
Boswellia socotrana* Balf.f.
Capparis cartilaginea Decne.
Commiphora ornifolia* (Balf.f.) Gillett
Corchorus erodioides* Balf.f.
Croton socotranus* Balf.f.
Euclea divinorum Hiern
Euphorbia socotrana* Balf.f.
Eureiandra balfourii* Cogn.
Ficus cordata Thunb.
Glossonema revoili Franch.
Hibiscus noli-tangere* A.G.Mill.
Hypoestes pubescens* Balf.f.
Lannea transulta* ( Balf.f.) Radcl.-Sm.
Leucas samhaensis* Cortes-Burns & A.G.Mill.
Leucas virgata* Balf.f.
Lycium sokotranum* Wagner & Vierh.
Maerua angolensis DC.
Rhus thyrsiflora* Balf.f.
Teucrium sokotranum* Vierh.
|
Mo-Sq28
Mo-Sq10
Mo-Sq16
Mo-Sq9
Mo-Sq15
Mo-Sq13
Mo-Sq26
Mo-Sq24
Mo-Sq8
Mo-Sq23
Mo-Sq27
Mo-Sq4
Mo-Sq1
Mo-Sq5
Mo-Sq3
Mo-Sq4
Mo-Sq29
Mo-Sq30
Mo-Sq12
Mo-Sq17
Mo-Sq23
Mo-Sq21
Mo-Sq20
Mo-Sq7
Mo-Sq18
Mo-Sq22
|
Mimosaceae
Astraceae Malpighiaceae
Aloaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Capparaceae
Burseraceae
Tiliaceae
Euphorbiaceae Ebenaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Moraceae
Asclepiadaceae
Malvaceae
Acanthaceae
Anacardiaceae
Labiatae
Labiatae Solanaceae
Capparaceae
Anacardiaceae
Labiatae | L
L
L,S
R
S, L
L, S
B
B
L
B
L, F
L, T
R
L
L
L
L, F
L, R
L
L
L
L
L, S
L
T, L
F, L
|
As a paste around the breast for women with mastitis
Unknown
Headaches, paralysis and muscle or tendon pain
For eye and stomach problems, constipation and malaria
Unknown
Unknown
Common cold, bronchitis, asthma and rheumatism
As Boswellia dioscorides
To treat itching, shortness of breath, head cold and for tumors
Antiseptic, diarrhea, dysentery and emmenagogue
Diuretic and urinary tract infections
For wounds
For oral care, tooth ache, fungal diseases, sores, wounds and abscesses
For skin diseases and wounds
Unknown
Antiseptic and for ulcers and wounds
Increase milk production in breastfeeding women
For snake bite and fever in children
Fungal skin diseases and scabies
Haemostatic for wounds, and sores and abrasions
For cough and cold
For persons with heartburn and indigestion and stomach problems
For stomach ailments and encourage the wound healing
To treat fever, aches and general malaise
To treat anorexia, general tonic and for painful joints
As flavoring agent and for indigestion
|
* endemic plant, B: Bark, F: Flower, L: Leaves, R: Roots or rhizomes, S: Stems, T: Fruits
a Most of the information of traditional use has been taken from [2] and native people.
Table 2: Antimicrobial activity of the investigated plants in agar diffusion test.
Plant species
|
Extracts
|
Extract yield in %
|
Microbial strains tested
|
Multiresistant strains tested
|
S. a.
|
B. c.
|
M. f.
|
E. c.
|
P. e.
|
C. m.
|
S. e. 847
|
S. h. 535
|
S. a. NGR
|
Acacia pennivenia
Acanthospermum hispidum
Acridocarpus socotranus
Aloe perryi
Ballochia atro-virgata
Blepharis spiculifolia
Boswellia dioscorides
Boswellia socotrana
Capparis cartilaginea
Commiphora ornifolia
Corchorus erodioides
Croton socotranus
Euclea divinorum
|
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
|
12.18
5.97
16.14
7.22
10.46
4.75
20.27
18.82
14.91
5.70
5.04
5.51
40.45
14.31
33.77
11.68
8.33
10.02
19.50
10.72
10.46
4.95
14.91
6.78
21.85
4.13
|
22
20
16
12
15
18
-
-
12
12
12
-
18
11
31
25
10
-
16
11
10
-
10
-
24
16
|
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
16
8
21
12
-
-
13
8
9
-
8
-
12
-
|
22
20
22
15
16
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
12
27
16
-
-
19
12
12
11
15
-
18
-
|
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
14
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
-
|
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
-
20
15
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
-
|
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
-
22
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
-
|
18
8
18
8
14
18
18
-
10
-
10
-
28
28
28
22
-
-
18
18
-
-
18
20
24
12
|
14
-
12
-
10
14
10
-
-
-
-
-
18
16
20
18
-
-
14
10
-
-
10
10
16
-
|
20
18
20
12
14
22
20
14
16
-
16
-
38
28
28
24
-
-
18
20
-
-
24
24
26
20
|
Table 2: (Continued).
Plant species
|
Extracts
|
Extract yield in %
|
Microbial strains tested
|
Multiresistant strains tested
|
S. a.
|
B. c.
|
M. f.
|
E. c.
|
P. e.
|
C. m.
|
S. e. 847
|
S. h. 535
|
S. a. NGR
|
Euphorbia socotrana
Eureiandra balfourii
Ficus cordata
Glossonema revoili
Hibiscus noli-tangere
Hypoestes pubescens
Lannea transulta
Leucas samhaensis
Leucas virgata
Lycium sokotranum
Maerua angolensis
|
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
|
19.74
11.75
11.60
8.58
9.06
10.50
16.34
8.53
10.61
4.92
21.16
7.80
8.04
9.15
11.47
5.25
14.11
3.37
10.93
5.05
22.01
13.80
|
16
-
10
12
10
16
20
9
10
-
8
15
13
14
-
19
18
17
20
17
-
-
|
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
11
-
-
-
-
-
|
18
-
-
15
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
14
16
20
24
17
15
15
-
-
-
|
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
12
-
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
20
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
16
22
14
18
16
20
12
-
-
12
|
12
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
12
14
12
12
12
-
-
-
|
26
26
-
-
12
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
16
22
18
20
22
26
20
20
-
16
|
Table 2: (Continued).
Plant species
|
Extracts
|
Extract yield in %
|
Microbial strains tested
|
Multiresistant strains tested
|
S. a.
|
B. c.
|
M. f.
|
E. c.
|
P. e.
|
C. m.
|
S. e. 847
|
S. h. 535
|
S. a. NGR
|
Rhus thyrsiflora
Teucrium sokotranum
Ampicillin 10 µg/disc
Gentamicin 10 µg/disc
Amphotericin 10 µg/disc
|
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
|
5.88
11.50
12.42
4.43
|
20
20
17
22
28
N.T.
N.T.
|
12
12
14
10
24
N.T.
N.T.
|
18
21
22
15
30
N.T.
N.T.
|
-
-
-
-
N.T.
15
N.T.
|
-
-
-
-
N.T.
17
N.T.
|
-
-
-
-
N.T.
N.T.
10
|
18
20
14
18
-
N.T.
N.T.
|
14
16
10
14
-
N.T.
N.T.
|
24
26
16
20
-
N.T.
N.T.
|
S. a., Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538; B. c., Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6059; M. f., Micrococcus flavus SBUG 16; E. c., Escherichia coli ATCC 11229;
P. e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 ; C. m., Candida maltosa SBUG; S. e. 847, multiresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis; S. h. 535, multiresistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus; S. a. NGR, North German species, multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus; -: no activity; N.T.: not tested; Inhibition zones including the diameter of the paper disc (6 mm)
Table 3: Free radical scavenging activity and MIC of the investigated plants.
Plant species
|
Extracts
|
Radical scavenging activity in %
|
MIC in µg/ml
|
10
(µg/ml)
|
50
(µg/ml)
|
100
(µg/ml)
|
500
(µg/ml)
|
1000
(µg/ml)
|
S. aureus
|
B. subtilis
|
M. flavus
|
Acacia pennivenia
Acanthospermum hispidum
Acridocarpus socotranus
Aloe perryi
Ballochia atro-virgata
Blepharis spiculifolia
Boswellia dioscorides
Boswellia socotrana
Capparis cartilaginea
Commiphora ornifolia
Corchorus erodioides
Croton socotranus
Euclea divinorum
Euphorbia socotrana
|
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
|
25.4
4.8
2.8
5.2
5.1
0.6
6.7
2.1
2.1
2.0
14.8
1.6
25.8
7,8
26.1
2.9
0.2
3.1
20.8
10.6
10.4
4.2
5.3
2.0
3.1
14.3
16.7
1.9
|
78.5
29.2
13.8
11.6
40.8
6.7
19.8
6.4
5.3
2.7
13.3
4.4
89.8
39.0
88.2
30.9
3.8
1.1
85.9
25.2
14.3
5.1
12.6
2.9
10.6
27.1
67.4
8.8
|
88.9
31.1
25.9
14.4
80.9
37.6
28.7
20.8
45.7
34.5
25.1
34.3
96.1
65.9
94.6
58.5
2.1
22.8
95.0
49.1
27.6
37.6
22.2
10.1
36.2
41.5
95.5
28.7
|
95.0
42.8
55.5
26.3
92.6
46.5
92.4
36.4
56.8
43.7
64.6
38.3
96.3
68.2
94.9
62.1
51.2
27.5
95.4
66.2
95.1
57.9
78.9
23.5
93.1
52.6
96.3
36.2
|
94.0
67.0
94.7
27.4
94.6
45.3
94.1
45.9
94.2
36.7
91.5
46.8
96.8
74.6
95.1
75.8
87.6
28.2
95.2
72.9
94.1
59.7
93.1
26.4
88.6
56.1
95.2
40.1
|
250
500
500
> 1000
250
250
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
125
500
125
250
> 1000
> 1000
250
500
> 1000
> 1000
500
> 1000
250
> 1000
500
> 1000
|
500
1000
1000
> 1000
1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
500
1000
250
500
> 1000
> 1000
500
1000
> 1000
> 1000
1000
> 1000
1000
> 1000
1000
> 1000
|
250
500
500
> 1000
250
250
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
125
500
125
250
> 1000
> 1000
250
500
> 1000
> 1000
500
> 1000
500
> 1000
500
> 1000
|
Table 3: (Continued).
Plant species
|
Extracts
|
Radical scavenging activity in %
|
MIC in µg/ml
|
10
(µg/ml)
|
50
(µg/ml)
|
100
(µg/ml)
|
500
(µg/ml)
|
1000
(µg/ml)
|
S. aureus
|
B. subtilis
|
M. flavus
|
Eureiandra balfourii
Ficus cordata
Glossonema revoili
Hibiscus noli-tangere
Hypoestes pubescens
Lannea transulta
Leucas samhaensis
Leucas virgata
Lycium sokotranum
Maerua angolensis
Rhus thyrsiflora
Teucrium sokotranum
Ascorbic acid
|
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
Methanolic
Hot aqueous
|
15.0
7.3
2.5
1.6
1.7
0.3
0.6
1.4
1.5
2.6
21.9
36.7
2.3
3.8
1.5
26.2
5.6
26.5
13.8
29.1
3.8
1.1
3.4
24.2
42.8
|
17.8
23.0
12.5
9.3
14.9
2.7
7.3
0.8
4.0
4.2
64.2
33.2
9.6
5.6
1.1
34.8
27.8
30.3
19.3
65.1
29.4
9.3
2.8
28.7
94.2
|
8.3
35.4
31.0
16.4
26.8
2.5
18.4
2.8
16.6
3.1
95.4
37.2
8.0
37.3
2.8
39.5
29.8
31.2
32.0
69.1
55.9
12.8
16.4
38.2
96.8
|
19.1
42.7
89.2
18.9
38.6
7.8
85.9
5.6
38.7
16.1
92.1
32.3
61.7
49.3
27.6
44.0
91.4
37.4
52.5
68.3
95.6
22.4
41.0
47.6
96.6
|
57.7
41.0
91.6
20.4
76.4
8.1
89.0
6.6
72.6
18.3
98.6
29.9
88.8
47.1
81.9
51.9
94.2
39.5
82.3
73.9
95.4
30.5
92.1
61.4
96.9
|
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
1000
1000
1000
> 1000
500
500
500
500
1000
> 1000
> 1000
500
500
500
250
|
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
1000
> 1000
> 1000
1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
1000
1000
1000
|
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
500
1000
1000
500
500
1000
500
500
> 1000
> 1000
> 1000
500
500
500
500
|
Table 4: IC50 values (µg/ml) for cell growth inhibition of the investigated methanolic extracts on three human cancer cell lines
and phytochemical screening. Values are averages and standard deviations of three or more independent determinations.
Plant species
|
Extracts
|
Cell lines
|
Phytochemical screening
|
5637
|
MCF-7
|
A-427
|
Acacia pennivenia
Acanthospermum hispidum
Acridocarpus socotranus
Aloe perryi
Ballochia atro-virgata
Blepharis spiculifolia
Boswellia dioscorides
Boswellia socotrana
Capparis cartilaginea
Commiphora ornifolia
Corchorus erodioides
Croton socotranus
Euclea divinorum
Euphorbia socotrana
Eureiandra balfourii
Ficus cordata
Glossonema revoili
Hibiscus noli-tangere
Hypoestes pubescens
Lannea transulta
Leucas samhaensis
Leucas virgata
Lycium sokotranum
Maerua angolensis
Rhus thyrsiflora
Teucrium sokotranum
Etoposide (µM)
|
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
Methanolic
|
> 50
9.37 ± 1.98
> 50
> 50
2.83 ± 2.06
> 50
29.0 ± 8.26
18.4 ± 4.66
> 50
30.2 ± 3.12
> 50
> 50
> 50
42.0 ± 7.43
0.82 ± 0.15
> 50
> 50
> 50
8.25 ± 3.49
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
0.54 ± 0.30
|
> 50
19.92 ± 8.94
> 50
> 50
2.94 ± 0.28
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
38.5 ± 1.93
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
3.47 ± 1.18
> 50
> 50
> 50
7.03 ± 2.02
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
0.50 ± 0.19
|
> 50
16.70 ± 2.32
> 50
> 50
1.58 ± 0.54
> 50
27.60 ± 10.31
24.9 ± 8.73
> 50
35.1 ± 3.15
> 50
> 50
> 50
38.1 ± 13.49
2.25 ± 0.57
> 50
> 50
> 50
4.85 ± 1.70
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
> 50
0.13 ± 0.10
|
Saponins, tannins
Sesquiterpene lactones
Flavonoids, terpenoids
Anthraquinons, flavonoids
Terpenoids
Phenolic compounds, terpenoids
Volatile oil, terpenoids, flavonoids
Volatile oil, terpenoids, flavonoids
Glucosinolates, flavonoids
Volatile oil, terpenoids, flavonoids
Flavonoids, phenolic compounds
Flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins
Phenolic acids, tannins
Terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins
Trepenoids, flavonoids
Tannins, terpenoids
Steroids, flavonoids
Tannins, lignans
Alkaloids, terpenoids
Tannins, flavonoids
Volatile oil, terpenoids and flavonoids
Volatile oil, terpenoids and flavonoids
Alkaloids
Glucosinolates, tannins
Flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins
Volatile oil, terpenoids
|
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